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Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit (the peppercorn), which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. The fruit is a drupe (stonefruit) which is about 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter (fresh and fully mature), dark red, and contains a stone which encloses a single pepper seed.
The amount of piperine varies from 1–2% in long pepper, to 5–10% in commercial white and black peppers. [6] [7] Piperine can also be prepared by treating the solvent-free residue from a concentrated alcoholic extract of black pepper with a solution of potassium hydroxide to remove resin (said to contain chavicine, an isomer of piperine). [7]
Piperic acid is a chemical often obtained by the base-hydrolysis of the alkaloid piperine [1] from black pepper, [2] followed by acidification of the corresponding salt.Piperic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of other compounds such as piperonal, and as-such may be used to produce fragrances, perfumes flavorants and drugs as well as other useful compounds.
Piperidine itself has been obtained from black pepper, [14] [15] from Psilocaulon absimile , [16] and in Petrosimonia monandra. [17] The piperidine structural motif is present in numerous natural alkaloids. These include piperine, which gives black pepper its spicy taste. This gave the compound its name.
An article published in the Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B in 2006 states that "Although hot chili pepper extract is commonly used as a component of household and garden insect-repellent formulas, it is not clear that the capsaicinoid elements of the extract are responsible for its repellency."
"Add black pepper for the full benefits of the turmeric," says one Redditor. "Oh I’m going to absolutely destroy these bad boys," says another. Find it in with the juices for $4.99.
Piperonal can be prepared by the oxidative cleavage of isosafrole or by using a multistep sequence from catechol or 1,2-methylenedioxybenzene.Synthesis from the latter chemical is accomplished through a condensation reaction with glyoxylic acid followed by cleaving the resulting α-hydroxy acid with an oxidizing agent.
The pungent sensation provided by chili peppers, black pepper and other spices like ginger and horseradish plays an important role in a diverse range of cuisines across the world. Pungent substances, like capsaicin , are used in topical analgesics and pepper sprays .