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Anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of formula C 14 H 10, consisting of three fused benzene rings. It is a component of coal tar . Anthracene is used in the production of the red dye alizarin and other dyes, as a Scintillator to detect high energy particles, as production of pharmaceutical drugs.
A Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) is a class of organic compounds that is composed of multiple aromatic rings.Most are produced by the incomplete combustion of organic matter— by engine exhaust fumes, tobacco, incinerators, in roasted meats and cereals, [1] or when biomass burns at lower temperatures as in forest fires.
Phenanthrene is used to make dyes, plastics, pesticides, explosives, and drugs. It has also been used to make bile acids, cholesterol and steroids. [3] Phenanthrene occurs naturally and also is a man-made chemical. Commonly, humans are exposed to phenanthrene through inhalation of cigarette smoke, but there are many routes of exposure.
Two different resonance forms of benzene (top) combine to produce an average structure (bottom). In organic chemistry, aromaticity is a chemical property describing the way in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibits a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone.
ortho-Substituted substrates generally give 1-substituted phenanthrenes, unless the substituent is a good leaving group, in which case elimination to form unsubstituted phenanthrene occurs. [11] meta- Substituted substrates give mixtures of 2- and 4-substituted products. Substitution of the exocyclic double bond is well tolerated.
1-Hydroxyphenanthrene is a phenanthrol and a human metabolite of phenanthrene that can be detected in urine of persons exposed to PAHs. [1] It can also be used as a marker for PAH pollution measured in marine fish bile. [2]
The earliest example of a [4+4] photocycloaddition was the photodimerization of anthracene, discovered in 1936. [1] This reaction has remained one of the most reliable photocycloadditions and is the basis of continuing investigation.
Benzo[c]phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C 18 H 12. It is a white solid that is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. It is a nonplanar molecule [1] [2] consisting of the fusion of four fused benzene rings. The compound is of mainly theoretical interest but it is environmentally occurring [3] and ...