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Both the immense pain and the duration of the sting are due to the effects of poneratoxin. [5] In addition to the notorious pain, symptoms of stings from bullet ants (as well as stings from other ants of the genus Paraponera as well as the genus Dinoponera) include fever, cold sweats, nausea, vomiting, lymphadenopathy and cardiac arrhythmias.
The Appel reaction is an organic reaction that converts an alcohol into an alkyl chloride using triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride. [1] The use of carbon tetrabromide or bromine as a halide source will yield alkyl bromides, whereas using carbon tetraiodide , methyl iodide or iodine gives alkyl iodides .
Reactions between aldimines and α-methylene carbonyls are also considered Mannich reactions because these imines form between amines and aldehydes. The reaction is named after Carl Mannich. [2] [3] Scheme 1 – Ammonia or an amine reacts with formaldehyde and an alpha acidic proton of a carbonyl compound to a beta amino carbonyl compound.
In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical reaction occurs. [ 1 ] A chemical mechanism is a theoretical conjecture that tries to describe in detail what takes place at each stage of an overall chemical reaction.
When bees sting, they inject a venom that’s mostly water. This allows easy dispersal of the venom, especially if they sting in moist tissue, which we have lots of. For example, our skin and ...
The first step in treatment following a honey bee sting is removal of the stinger itself. The stinger should be removed as quickly as possible without regard to method: a study has shown the amount of venom delivered does not differ whether the sting is pinched or scraped off and even a delay of a few seconds leads to more venom being injected ...
STING is also thought to activate the NF-κB transcription factor through the activity of the IκB kinase (IKK), though the mechanism of NF-κB activation downstream of STING remains to be determined. The signaling pathways activated by STING combine to induce an innate immune response to cells with ectopic DNA in the cytosol.
Food, insect stings, and medications are common causes of severe reactions. [2] Their development is due to both genetic and environmental factors. [ 2 ] The underlying mechanism involves immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE), part of the body's immune system, binding to an allergen and then to a receptor on mast cells or basophils where it ...