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  2. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_claims...

    "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" (sometimes shortened to ECREE), [1] also known as the Sagan standard, is an aphorism popularized by science communicator Carl Sagan. He used the phrase in his 1979 book Broca's Brain and the 1980 television program Cosmos .

  3. Scientific evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence

    Such evidence is expected to be empirical evidence and interpretable in accordance with the scientific method. Standards for scientific evidence vary according to the field of inquiry, but the strength of scientific evidence is generally based on the results of statistical analysis and the strength of scientific controls. [citation needed]

  4. Models of scientific inquiry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_scientific_inquiry

    The classical model of scientific inquiry derives from Aristotle, [3] who distinguished the forms of approximate and exact reasoning, set out the threefold scheme of abductive, deductive, and inductive inference, and also treated the compound forms such as reasoning by analogy. [citation needed]

  5. Scientific theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_theory

    A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can be or that has been repeatedly tested and has corroborating evidence in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results.

  6. Burden of proof (philosophy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(philosophy)

    Inductive reasoning also does not provide absolute certainty about positive claims. [19] [10] A negative claim may or may not exist as a counterpoint to a previous claim. A proof of impossibility or an evidence of absence argument are typical methods to fulfill the burden of proof for a negative claim. [10] [22]

  7. Analysis of competing hypotheses - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_competing...

    The process discourages the analyst from choosing one "likely" hypothesis and using evidence to prove its accuracy. Cognitive bias is minimized when all possible hypotheses are considered. [1] Evidence – The analyst then lists evidence and arguments (including assumptions and logical deductions) for and against each hypothesis. [1]

  8. Scientific skepticism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_skepticism

    Kendrick Frazier said that scientific skeptics have a commitment to science, reason, evidence, and the quest for truth. [10] Carl Sagan emphasized the importance of being able to ask skeptical questions, recognizing fallacious or fraudulent arguments, and considering the validity of an argument rather than simply whether we like the conclusion.

  9. Hitchens's razor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchens's_razor

    Hitchens's razor is an epistemological razor that serves as a general rule for rejecting certain knowledge claims. It states: "What can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence". [1] [2] [3] [a] The razor was created by and later named after author and journalist Christopher Hitchens.