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In addition to the loss of their own members, about two thirds of the population were killed by the plague, and the reduction in available manpower for agriculture caused an economic crisis. The aristocracy was reduced from about 600 families or 3,600 people before 1350 to about 200 families or 1,000 people in 1450.
At the center of their proposals there was precisely the social and political recovery of the poorest parts of the Venetian nobility, done through the assignment of dowries to the young patricians, especially the poor ones, increase in the salaries of the Forty and other Colleges, granting of donations for some prestigious political positions ...
Edler is a minor aristocrat in Germany and Austria during those countries' respective imperial periods. Jonkheer is an honorific for members of the Dutch nobility who do not currently hold a title. An untitled noblewoman is styled Jonkvrouw , though the wife of a Jonkheer is a Mevrouw or, sometimes, Freule , which could also be used by ...
Count Carl Robert Mannerheim (1835–1914), a Finnish aristocrat, businessman, and the father of Baron C. G. E. Mannerheim, the Marshal of Finland. "Aristocrat" and "aristocracy", in modern usage, refer colloquially and broadly to persons who inherit elevated social status, whether due to membership in the (formerly) official nobility or the ...
Cesare Bonesana di Beccaria, Marquis of Gualdrasco and Villareggio [1] (Italian: [ˈtʃeːzare bekkaˈriːa, ˈtʃɛː-]; 15 March 1738 – 28 November 1794) was an Italian criminologist, [2] jurist, philosopher, economist, and politician who is widely considered one of the greatest thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 24 January 2025. Scottish economist and philosopher (1723–1790) This article is about the Scottish economist and philosopher. For other people named Adam Smith, see Adam Smith (disambiguation). Adam Smith FRS FRSE FRSA Posthumous Muir portrait, c. 1800 Born c. 16 June [O.S. c. 5 June] 1723 Kirkcaldy ...
Junker is derived from Middle High German Juncherre, meaning "young nobleman" [4] or otherwise "young lord" (derivation of jung and Herr), and originally was the title of members of the higher edelfrei nobility without or before the accolade.
Ploughmen at work with oxen. Agriculture formed the bulk of the English economy at the time of the Norman invasion. [16] Twenty years after the invasion, 35% of England was covered in arable land, 25% was put to pasture, 15% was covered by woodlands and the remaining 25% was predominantly moorland, fens and heaths. [17]