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Poster for the European Parliament election 2004 in Italy, showing party lists. Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a system of proportional representation based on preregistered political parties, with each party being allocated a certain number of seats roughly proportional to their share of the vote.
Exact proportionality is never achieved under PR systems, except by chance. The use of electoral thresholds that are intended to limit the influence of small, extreme parties will reduce proportionality in list systems, and any insufficiency of leveling seats will further reduce proportionality in Mixed-member proportional or Additional-member systems.
Country Body or office Type of body or office Electoral system Notes Albania: President: Head of state Elected by the Parliament: Parliament: Unicameral legislature Party-list proportional representation: Algeria: President: Head of state Two-round system: Council of the Nation: Upper chamber of legislature Indirectly elected (2/3) Appointed by ...
Multi-winner electoral systems at their best seek to produce assemblies representative in a broader sense than that of making the same decisions as would be made by single-winner votes. They can also be route to one-party sweeps of a city's seats, if a non-proportional system, such as plurality block voting or ticket voting, is used.
Open list describes any variant of party-list proportional representation where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a party's candidates are elected. . This is as opposed to closed list, in which party lists are in a predetermined, fixed order by the time of the election and gives the general voter no influence at all on the position of the candidates placed on the party l
An electoral system (or voting system) is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Some electoral systems elect a single winner (single candidate or option), while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors.
Coexistence: some type of mixed systems do not have two tiers (and so also use a single vote), but use majoritarian representation in many constituencies (single-member districts) but use proportional representations is some (multi-member districts), which makes the system as a whole mixed-member majoritarian if the winner-take-all districts ...
Proportional approval voting (PAV) is a proportional electoral system for multiwinner elections. It is a multiwinner approval method that extends the D'Hondt method of apportionment commonly used to calculate apportionments for party-list proportional representation . [ 1 ]