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Encephalitis lethargica is an atypical form of encephalitis. Also known as " sleeping sickness " or " sleepy sickness " (distinct from tsetse fly –transmitted sleeping sickness ), it was first described in 1917 by neurologist Constantin von Economo [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and pathologist Jean-René Cruchet . [ 4 ]
Encephalitis with meningitis is known as meningoencephalitis, while encephalitis with involvement of the spinal cord is known as encephalomyelitis. [ 2 ] The word is from Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος , enképhalos 'brain', [ 37 ] composed of ἐν , en , 'in' and κεφαλή , kephalé , 'head', and the medical suffix -itis 'inflammation'.
Encephalitis lethargica is a neurological syndrome that causes lethargy, a “mask like” face, excessive blood in the meninges, and other general neurological symptoms. [5] Officially recognized as its own condition in 1917, it is believed to have existed far longer in human history. [5] It is known to cause post-encephalitic parkinsonism. [3]
Historically, starting in 1917 an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica, also called von Economo's encephalitis or "sleepy-disease" occurred, possibly related to the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic; however, even with the use of modern molecular diagnostic tests on appropriate corpses, no firm link between encephalitis lethargica and influenza has been ...
For Eastern equine encephalitis, some children may experience seizures, severe intellectual disability, and various forms of paralysis. For Japanese encephalitis, extrapyramidal symptoms relating to motor function may remain. For St. Louis encephalitis, low blood sodium level and excess, unsuppressable release of antidiuretic hormone
Unlike in cases of encephalitis lethargica the main damage is found in white brain matter. Meninges are infiltrated with T cells, plasmatic cells and phagocytic cells. Polymorfonuclear cells were found only in severe lesions. Apart from cellular infiltrate in perivascular space there is a tissue rarefication in spaces close to damaged blood ...
One of the first instances in which an infectious disease was associated with klazomania was the notable pandemic of the encephalitis lethargica from 1916 to 1927. [1] This pandemic also gave rise to observations of other tics that came to be associated with encephalitis lethargica such as complex vocalizations of blocking, echolalia, palilalia ...
During the time of the encephalitis lethargica period, the rise of bradyphrenia was seen in many of the cases. In one case in Russia it was believed that this condition could be treated with steroid therapy after the patient's condition had improved after three months using steroid. [ 21 ]