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SQL includes operators and functions for calculating values on stored values. SQL allows the use of expressions in the select list to project data, as in the following example, which returns a list of books that cost more than 100.00 with an additional sales_tax column containing a sales tax figure calculated at 6% of the price.
UPDATE table_name SET column_name = value [, column_name = value ... ] [ WHERE condition ] For the UPDATE to be successful, the user must have data manipulation privileges ( UPDATE privilege) on the table or column and the updated value must not conflict with all the applicable constraints (such as primary keys , unique indexes, CHECK ...
SQL statements are used to perform tasks such as insert data to a database, delete or update data in a database, or retrieve data from a database. Though database systems use SQL, they also have their own additional proprietary extensions that are usually only used on their system.
The scope of SQL includes data query, data manipulation (insert, update, and delete), data definition (schema creation and modification), and data access control. Although SQL is essentially a declarative language , it also includes procedural elements. SQL was one of the first commercial languages to use Edgar F. Codd's relational model.
In SQL, the data manipulation language comprises the SQL-data change statements, [3] which modify stored data but not the schema or database objects. Manipulation of persistent database objects, e.g., tables or stored procedures, via the SQL schema statements, [3] rather than the data stored within them, is considered to be part of a separate data definition language (DDL).
In computer programming, create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) are the four basic operations (actions) of persistent storage. [1] CRUD is also sometimes used to describe user interface conventions that facilitate viewing, searching, and changing information using computer-based forms and reports .
Column1 AND EndDate IS NULL; END;-- Trigger for UPDATE CREATE TRIGGER Database. TableUpdate AFTER UPDATE ON Database. OriginalTable REFERENCING NEW AS N OLD AS O FOR EACH ROW MODE DB2SQL BEGIN DECLARE Now TIMESTAMP; SET NOW = CURRENT TIMESTAMP; UPDATE Database. HistoryTable SET EndDate = Now WHERE Column1 = O. Column1 AND EndDate IS NULL ...
Comments; External commands prefixed by the ! char; Scripts can include all of these components. An Oracle programmer in the appropriately configured software environment can launch SQL Plus, for example, by entering: $ sqlplus scott/tiger where the Oracle user scott has the password tiger. SQL Plus then presents a prompt with the default form ...