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Evidence shows that vegans who are not taking vitamin B 12 supplements do not consume sufficient B 12 and often have abnormally low blood concentrations of vitamin B 12. [75] This is because, unless fortified, plant foods do not contain reliable amounts of active vitamin B 12. Vegans are advised to adopt one of the following dietary options: [76]
Pregnant and lactating vegetarian mothers—and breastfed infants if the vegetarian mother's diet is not supplemented—should also use supplements, whether B 12-pills, B 12-injections, or B 12-fortified foods, if they don't get adequate vitamin B 12 from animal products like eggs or dairy. Eggs are a source of vitamin B 12 for vegetarians.
Vitamin B 12 supplements are available as single or multivitamin tablets. Pharmaceutical preparations of vitamin B 12 may be given by intramuscular injection. [6] [62] Since there are few non-animal sources of the vitamin, vegans are advised to consume a dietary supplement or fortified foods for B 12 intake, or risk serious health consequences. [6]
Vegans, and to a lesser degree vegetarians, are at risk for B 12 deficiency if they do not consume either a dietary supplement or vitamin-fortified foods. Children are at a higher risk for B 12 deficiency due to inadequate dietary intake, as they have fewer vitamin stores and a relatively larger vitamin need per calorie of food intake. [136]
Analysis of the NDNS results by the Health and Food Supplements Information Service (HSIS) suggested that one in five UK adults are deficient in vitamin D, one in seven are deficient in calcium ...
These foods contain more vitamin D than an egg and are easy to incorporate into your eating pattern. ... The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 600 IU (international units) for most adults ...