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  2. Parallelepiped - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelepiped

    By analogy, it relates to a parallelogram just as a cube relates to a square. [a] Three equivalent definitions of parallelepiped are a hexahedron with three pairs of parallel faces, a polyhedron with six faces , each of which is a parallelogram, and; a prism of which the base is a parallelogram.

  3. Pappus's area theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus's_area_theorem

    Pappus's area theorem describes the relationship between the areas of three parallelograms attached to three sides of an arbitrary triangle. The theorem, which can also be thought of as a generalization of the Pythagorean theorem , is named after the Greek mathematician Pappus of Alexandria (4th century AD), who discovered it.

  4. Planimeter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planimeter

    This area is also equal to the area of the parallelogram A"ABB". The measuring wheel measures the distance PQ (perpendicular to EM). Moving from C to D the arm EM moves through the green parallelogram, with area equal to the area of the rectangle D"DCC". The measuring wheel now moves in the opposite direction, subtracting this reading from the ...

  5. Shoelace formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula

    Shoelace scheme for determining the area of a polygon with point coordinates (,),..., (,). The shoelace formula, also known as Gauss's area formula and the surveyor's formula, [1] is a mathematical algorithm to determine the area of a simple polygon whose vertices are described by their Cartesian coordinates in the plane. [2]

  6. Shear mapping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_mapping

    the eigenspace of S (associated with the eigenvalue 1) has n − 1 dimensions. S is defective; S is asymmetric; S may be made into a block matrix by at most 1 column interchange and 1 row interchange operation; the area, volume, or any higher order interior capacity of a polytope is invariant under the shear transformation of the polytope's ...

  7. Jacobian matrix and determinant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobian_matrix_and...

    The Jacobian at a point gives the best linear approximation of the distorted parallelogram near that point (right, in translucent white), and the Jacobian determinant gives the ratio of the area of the approximating parallelogram to that of the original square. If m = n, then f is a function from R n to itself and the Jacobian matrix is a ...

  8. Three-dimensional space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space

    A representation of a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. In geometry, a three-dimensional space (3D space, 3-space or, rarely, tri-dimensional space) is a mathematical space in which three values (coordinates) are required to determine the position of a point.

  9. Projected area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projected_area

    Projected area is the two dimensional area measurement of a three-dimensional object by projecting its shape on to an arbitrary plane. This is often used in mechanical engineering and architectural engineering related fields, especially for hardness testing, axial stress , wind pressures, and terminal velocity .