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Agent responsible (clause 6.1) (2 characters, indicating the person or organisation responsible for the layer information—manufacturer, A- architect A2 architect#2 on the same project B- building surveyors C- civil engineers E- electrical engineers F- facility engineers G- GIS engineers and land surveyors H- heating and ventilating engineers I- interior designers L- landscape architects Q ...
Visible frost damage develops after an accumulation of micro-cracks as a result of several freeze-thaw cycles. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Frost damage can be prevented by the use of frost-proof materials, i.e. , a material which has sufficient closed pores, by which the volume increase caused by the freezing of water in capillary pores can be absorbed by the ...
In soil science, the thaw depth or thaw line is the instantaneous level down to which the soil has warmed to zero degrees Celsius. The active layer thickness is the maximum thaw depth over a period of two years. The layer of soil over the thaw depth is called the active layer, while the soil below is called permafrost.
A man using AutoCAD 2.6 to digitize a drawing of a school building. AutoCAD was derived from a program that began in 1977, and then released in 1979 [5] called Interact CAD, [6] [7] [8] also referred to in early Autodesk documents as MicroCAD, which was written prior to Autodesk's (then Marinchip Software Partners) formation by Autodesk cofounder Michael Riddle.
The red dotted-to-solid line depicts the average temperature profile with depth of soil in a permafrost region. The trumpet-shaped lines at the top show seasonal maximum and minimum temperatures in the "active layer", which commences at the depth where the maximum annual temperature intersects 0 °C. The active layer is seasonally frozen.
Not all volumetric expansion is caused by the pressure of the freezing water; it can be caused by stresses in water that remains unfrozen. When ice growth induces stresses in the pore water that breaks the rock, the result is called hydrofracture. Hydrofracturing is favoured by large interconnected pores or large hydraulic gradients in the rock ...
Shearing layers is a concept coined by architect Frank Duffy, which was later elaborated by Stewart Brand in his book, How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They're Built (Brand, 1994), and refers to buildings as composed of several layers of change. The concept has been adopted by a number of technology vendors to also describe the different ...
Solifluction is a collective name for gradual processes in which a mass moves down a slope ("mass wasting") related to freeze-thaw activity. This is the standard modern meaning of solifluction, which differs from the original meaning given to it by Johan Gunnar Andersson in 1906. [1] [2]