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A diagnosis of vitamin B 12 deficiency is determined by blood levels lower than 200 or 250 picograms per ml (148 or 185 picomoles per liter). Measurement of blood methylmalonic acid (MMA), a vitamin B 12-associated metabolite, is a commonly used biomarker. [2]
Vitamin B 12 supplements are available as single or multivitamin tablets. Pharmaceutical preparations of vitamin B 12 may be given by intramuscular injection. [6] [62] Since there are few non-animal sources of the vitamin, vegans are advised to consume a dietary supplement or fortified foods for B 12 intake, or risk serious health consequences. [6]
Any level below 70 mcg/dL (normal 70-120 mcg/dL) is considered zinc deficiency. However there is a paucity of adequate zinc biomarkers, and the most widely used indicator, plasma zinc, has poor sensitivity and specificity. [53] Zinc deficiency could be also associated with low alkaline phosphatase since it acts a cofactor for this enzyme.
The trihydrate salt is obtained as a reddish-brown precipitate by adding two equivalents of potassium cyanide to a cobalt salt solution: [3]. CoCl 2 (H 2 O) 6 + 2 KCN → Co(CN) 2 + 2 KCl + 6 H 2 O
Zinc L-carnosine has been used orally [8] [17] or as an oral rinse, lozenge or suppository. [10] The typical clinical oral dose is 150 mg/day, containing 34 mg zinc and 116 mg L-carnosine. [8] [17] (The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for total zinc intake from all sources in adults is 40 mg/day. [18])
Many multivitamin formulas contain vitamin C, B 1, B 2, B 3, B 5, B 6, B 7, B 9, B 12, A, E, D 2 (or D 3), K, potassium, iodine, selenium, borate, zinc, calcium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, beta carotene, and/or iron. Multivitamins are typically available in a variety of formulas based on age and sex, or (as in prenatal vitamins) based on ...
Cobalticyanide paper (Rinnmann's test for Zn) can be used as a chemical indicator for zinc. 4 g of K 3 Co(CN) 6 and 1 g of KClO 3 is dissolved on 100 ml of water. Paper is dipped in the solution and dried at 100 °C. One drop of the sample is dropped onto the dry paper and heated.
Zinc is an essential mineral in people as well as other animals. [4] The medical use of zinc sulfate began as early as the 1600s. [5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [6] Zinc sulfate is available as a generic medication. [7] and over the counter. [1] [3]