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The call price is the price the issuer can call the bond, usually at the par price. Buy the bond: Once you buy the bond, its terms begin. The investment will grow at the specified interest rate.
By issuing numerous callable bonds, they have a natural hedge, as they can then call their own issues and refinance at a lower rate. The price behaviour of a callable bond is the opposite of that of puttable bond. Since call option and put option are not mutually exclusive, a bond may have both options embedded. [3]
Securities other than bonds that may have embedded options include senior equity, convertible preferred stock and exchangeable preferred stock. See Convertible security. [citation needed] The valuation of these securities couples bond-or equity-valuation, as appropriate, with option pricing. For bonds here, there are two main approaches, as ...
Bonds of this type include: Callable bond: allows the issuer to buy back the bond at a predetermined price at a certain time in future. The holder of such a bond has, in effect, sold a call option to the issuer. Callable bonds cannot be called for the first few years of their life. This period is known as the lock out period.
Types of bonds more likely to be affected by reinvestment risk: Callable bonds, short-term bonds, zero-coupon bonds, mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities. 4. Liquidity risk
In financial mathematics, the Ho-Lee model is a short-rate model widely used in the pricing of bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives, and in modeling future interest rates. [1]: 381 It was developed in 1986 by Thomas Ho [2] and Sang Bin Lee. [3] Under this model, the short rate follows a normal process:
Option values vary with the value of the underlying instrument over time. The price of the call contract must act as a proxy response for the valuation of: the expected intrinsic value of the option, defined as the expected value of the difference between the strike price and the market value, i.e., max[S−X, 0]. [3]
For example, for bond options [3] the underlying is a bond, but the source of uncertainty is the annualized interest rate (i.e. the short rate). Here, for each randomly generated yield curve we observe a different resultant bond price on the option's exercise date; this bond price is then the input for the determination of the option's payoff.