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Hyponatremia or hyponatraemia is a low concentration of sodium in the blood. [4] It is generally defined as a sodium concentration of less than 135 mmol/L (135 mEq/L), with severe hyponatremia being below 120 mEq/L. [3] [8] Symptoms can be absent, mild or severe.
Hypernatremia, also spelled hypernatraemia, is a high concentration of sodium in the blood. [3] Early symptoms may include a strong feeling of thirst, weakness, nausea, and loss of appetite. [1] Severe symptoms include confusion, muscle twitching, and bleeding in or around the brain.
As water retention increases, weight gain may also occur. [1] More severe symptoms include pulmonary edema and hyponatremic encephalopathy. [5] Symptoms of hyponatremic encephalopathy are associated with an altered level of consciousness and can include sullenness, sleepiness, withdrawing from social interaction, photophobia, and seizures. [4]
“Zero dietary sodium intake may lead to clinically significant low blood sodium levels, which can cause severe muscle cramps, weakness, nausea and vomiting, seizures and coma, shock or even ...
Water retention can be a symptom of an imbalance of electrolytes, says Schnoll-Sussman. Electrolytes are essential minerals including sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium, per the Cleveland ...
Symptoms of hypernatremia may vary depending on type and how quickly the electrolyte disturbance developed. [27] Common symptoms are dehydration, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness, increased thirst, and excess urination. Patients may be on medications that caused the imbalance such as diuretics or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [27]
High sodium consumption (5 g or more of salt per day) and insufficient potassium intake (less than 3.5 grams (0.12 oz) per day) have been linked to high blood pressure and increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. [6] [7] As an essential nutrient, sodium is involved in numerous cellular and organ functions. Several national ...
Hypoosmolar hyponatremia is a condition where hyponatremia is associated with a low plasma osmolality. [1] The term "hypotonic hyponatremia" is also sometimes used.[2]When the plasma osmolarity is low, the extracellular fluid volume status may be in one of three states: low volume, normal volume, or high volume.