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Women rights in Francoist Spain (1939–1975) and the democratic transition (1975–1985) were limited. The Franco regime immediately implemented draconian measures that legally incapacitated women, making them dependents of their husbands , fathers or the state.
However, during Francoist Spain and the democratic transition, there were legal ambiguities over women's free right to vote, due to restrictions of women's rights in civil law, with unmarried and married women being under the guardianship of their fathers and husbands, respectively.
For Republican women, Francoist Spain was a double loss, as the new regime first took away the limited political power and identities as women which they had won during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939), and it secondly forced them back into the confines of their homes. Motherhood would become the primary social function of women in ...
Starting in the 1960s, women's groups and feminists organizations began to emerge. [1] [36] Women's associations were tolerated by the regime but were not completely legal. [1] Many met clandestinely, and they were few in number. [36] This began to change when in 1964, women's associations were legally allowed.
The role of a woman in Francoist Spain was to be a mother. [7] [8] Questioning this role for women was tantamount to questioning the nature and rights of the state, and viewed as a subversive act. [7] In Francoist Spain, women were not endowed by God with business ingenuity, nor the capacity to be involved in war.
In 1902, a Royal Decree of July 11 established the Royal Board for the Repression of White Slavery within the Ministry of Justice, later reformed in 1904 and 1909. With the arrival of the Second Republic, it was reorganized in 1931 as the Board for the Protection of Women and was dissolved in 1935, transferring its powers to the Superior Council for the Protection of Minors. [1]
Women in the workforce in Francoist Spain faced high levels of discrimination. The end of the Spanish Civil War saw a return of traditional gender roles in the country. These were enforced by the regime through laws that regulated women's labor outside the home and the return of the Civil Code of 1889 and the former Law Procedure Criminal, which treated women as legally inferior to men.
This document returned Spain to being a country where women were guaranteed full equal rights under the law. Reforms in the post-Francoist period saw the Catholic Church lose official status in government, the age of legal majority moved from 21 to 18, and marriage defining men and women equally.