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A cooling bath or ice bath, in laboratory chemistry practice, is a liquid mixture which is used to maintain low temperatures, typically between 13 °C and −196 °C. These low temperatures are used to collect liquids after distillation , to remove solvents using a rotary evaporator , or to perform a chemical reaction below room temperature ...
The key to determine the amount of each acid present in the mixture is the ability to obtain an accurate value for the amount of phosphoric acid present, as revealed by titration of the third proton of H 3 PO 4. Figure 10 illustrates a titration plot of this mixture, showing 3 sharp endpoints. Fig. 11.
Then the partial pressure of its vapor must be considered when obtaining its condensation temperature. For example, if the gas entering the condenser is a mixture of 25% ethanol vapor and 75% carbon dioxide (by moles) at 100 kPa (typical atmospheric pressure), the condensation surface must be kept below 48 °C, the boiling point of ethanol at ...
There are several subtly-different designs for controlling the temperature; but there are some key factors common to all, such as high-precision temperature sensors and Peltier devices to control the temperature of the sample and the prism. The temperature control of these devices should be designed so that the variation in sample temperature ...
The purpose is to thermally accelerate the reaction by conducting it at an elevated, controlled temperature (i.e. the solvent's boiling point) and ambient pressure without losing large quantities of the mixture. [6] The diagram shows a typical reflux apparatus. It includes a water bath to indirectly heat the mixture.
A frigorific mixture may be used to obtain a liquid medium that has a reproducible temperature below ambient temperature. Such mixtures were used to calibrate thermometers. In chemistry a cooling bath may be used to control the temperature of a strongly exothermic reaction. A frigorific mixture may be used as an alternative to mechanical ...
Constant flux calorimetry is an advanced temperature control mechanism used to generate accurate calorimetry. It operates by controlling the jacket area of a laboratory reactor while maintaining a constant inlet temperature of the thermal fluid. This method allows for precise temperature control, even during strongly exothermic or endothermic ...
Mixing of liquids occurs frequently in process engineering. The nature of liquids to blend determines the equipment used. Single-phase blending tends to involve low-shear, high-flow mixers to cause liquid engulfment, while multi-phase mixing generally requires the use of high-shear, low-flow mixers to create droplets of one liquid in laminar, turbulent or transitional flow regimes, depending ...