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where temperature T is in degrees Celsius (°C) and saturation vapor pressure P is in kilopascals (kPa). According to Monteith and Unsworth, "Values of saturation vapour pressure from Tetens' formula are within 1 Pa of exact values up to 35 °C." Murray (1967) provides Tetens' equation for temperatures below 0 °C: [3]
e * is the saturation water vapor pressure T is the absolute air temperature in kelvins T st is the steam-point (i.e. boiling point at 1 atm.) temperature (373.15 K) e * st is e * at the steam-point pressure (1 atm = 1013.25 hPa) Similarly, the correlation for the saturation water vapor pressure over ice is:
The boiling point of water is the temperature at which the saturated vapor pressure equals the ambient pressure. Water supercooled below its normal freezing point has a higher vapor pressure than that of ice at the same temperature and is, thus, unstable. Calculations of the (saturation) vapor pressure of water are commonly used in meteorology.
Fluorescein aqueous solutions, diluted from 10,000 to 1 parts-per-million in intervals of 10 fold dilution. At 1 ppm the solution is a very pale yellow. At 1 ppm the solution is a very pale yellow. As the concentration increases the colour becomes a more vibrant yellow, then orange, with the final 10,000 ppm a deep red colour.
here e[T] is vapor pressure as a function of temperature, T. T dew = the dewpoint temperature at which water condenses. T wet = the temperature of a wet thermometer bulb from which water can evaporate to air. T dry = the temperature of a dry thermometer bulb in air.
The pressure on a pressure-temperature diagram (such as the water phase diagram shown above) is the partial pressure of the substance in question. A phase diagram in physical chemistry , engineering , mineralogy , and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct ...
Up to a temperature of 0.01 °C, the triple point of water, water normally exists as ice, except for supercooled water, for which one data point is tabulated here. At the triple point, ice can exist together with both liquid water and vapor. At higher temperatures, the data are for water vapor only.
The Arden Buck equations are a group of empirical correlations that relate the saturation vapor pressure to temperature for moist air.The curve fits have been optimized for more accuracy than the Goff–Gratch equation in the range −80 to 50 °C (−112 to 122 °F).