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Mathematically, the simplest kind of transverse wave is a plane linearly polarized sinusoidal one. "Plane" here means that the direction of propagation is unchanging and the same over the whole medium; "linearly polarized" means that the direction of displacement too is unchanging and the same over the whole medium; and the magnitude of the displacement is a sinusoidal function only of time ...
The maximum work is thus regarded as the diminution of the free, or available, energy of the system (Gibbs free energy G at T = constant, P = constant or Helmholtz free energy F at T = constant, V = constant), whilst the heat given out is usually a measure of the diminution of the total energy of the system (internal energy).
As a wave, light is characterized by a velocity (the speed of light), wavelength, and frequency. As particles, light is a stream of photons. Each has an energy related to the frequency of the wave given by Planck's relation E = hf, where E is the energy of the photon, h is the Planck constant, 6.626 × 10 −34 J·s, and f is the frequency of ...
In some cases, two energy transitions can be coupled so that, as one system absorbs a photon, another nearby system "steals" its energy and re-emits a photon of a different frequency. This is the basis of fluorescence resonance energy transfer, a technique that is used in molecular biology to study the interaction of suitable proteins. [123]
1.5 kW is the maximum legal power output of a US ham radio station. [12] 60 dBm: 1 kW = 1,000 W: Typical combined radiated RF power of microwave oven elements 55 dBm ~300 W: Typical single-channel RF output power of a K u band geostationary satellite: 50 dBm: 100 W: Typical total thermal radiation emitted by a human body, peak at 31.5 THz (9.5 μm)
At higher temperatures (10 K < T < Θ), the conservation of energy = + and quasimomentum = + +, where q 1 is wave vector of the incident phonon and q 2, q 3 are wave vectors of the resultant phonons, may also involve a reciprocal lattice vector G complicating the energy transport process. These processes can also reverse the direction of energy ...
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f °) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).
Microturbines have around 15% efficiencies without a recuperator, 20 to 30% with one and they can reach 85% combined thermal-electrical efficiency in cogeneration. [2] The recuperated Niigata Power Systems 300 kW (400 hp) RGT3R thermal efficiency reaches 32.5% while the 360 kW (480 hp) non recuperated RGT3C is at 16.3%. [7]