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They are protein mediators typically produced by T cells to direct the immune system response by signaling between its cells. Lymphokines have many roles, including the attraction of other immune cells, including macrophages and other lymphocytes, to an infected site and their subsequent activation to prepare them to mount an immune response.
Since cytokines are substances produced by immune cells that can alter the activity of neighbouring cells, the effects of JAK-STAT signalling are often more highly seen in cells of the immune system. For example, JAK3 activation in response to IL-2 is vital for lymphocyte development and function. [21] Also, one study indicates that JAK1 is ...
An inflammatory cytokine is a type of cytokine (a signaling molecule) that is secreted from immune cells and certain other cell types that promotes inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced by T helper cells ( T h ) and macrophages and involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions. [ 1 ]
Cytokines (/ ˈ s aɪ t ə k aɪ n /) [1] are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa [2]) important in cell signaling. Due to their size, cytokines cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm and therefore typically exert their functions by interacting with specific cytokine receptors on the target
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an interleukin, which is a type of cytokine signaling molecule forming part of the immune system. It is a 15.5–16 kDa protein [5] that regulates the activities of white blood cells (leukocytes, often lymphocytes) that are responsible for immunity.
Juxtacrine signaling has been observed for some growth factors, cytokine and chemokine cellular signals, playing an important role in the immune response. Juxtacrine signalling via direct membrane contacts is also present between neuronal cell bodies and motile processes of microglia both during development, [15] and in the adult brain. [16]
Chemokines (from Ancient Greek χῠμείᾱ (khumeíā) 'alchemy' and κῑ́νησῐς (kī́nēsis) 'movement'), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells.
The interleukin-3 receptor is a molecule found on cells which helps transmit the signal of interleukin-3, a soluble cytokine important in the immune system. The gene coding for the receptor is located in the pseudoautosomal region of the X and Y chromosomes.