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In physical cosmology, the electroweak epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe when the temperature of the universe had fallen enough that the strong force separated from the electronuclear interaction, but was still high enough for electromagnetism and the weak interaction to remain merged into a single electroweak interaction above the critical temperature for electroweak ...
This invariance is known as electroweak symmetry. The generators of SU(2) and U(1) are given the name weak isospin (labeled T ) and weak hypercharge (labeled Y ) respectively. These then give rise to the gauge bosons that mediate the electroweak interactions – the three W bosons of weak isospin ( W 1 , W 2 , and W 3 ), and the B boson of weak ...
After electroweak symmetry breaking, the fundamental interactions we know of—gravitation, electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions—have all taken their present forms, and fundamental particles have their expected masses, but the temperature of the universe is still too high to allow the stable formation of many particles we now see in ...
c. 10 −36 seconds: Electroweak epoch begins: The Universe cools down to 10 28 kelvin. The strong nuclear force becomes distinct from the electroweak force.; c. 10 −33 seconds: Space is subjected to inflation, expanding by a factor of the order of 10 26 over a time of the order of 10 −33 to 10 −32 seconds.
The electroweak phase transition marks the moment when the Higgs mechanism first activated, ending the electroweak epoch. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Lattice studies of the electroweak model have found the transition to be a smooth crossover, taking place at 159.5 ± 1.5 GeV .
A visual representation of the division order of universal forces. In physical cosmology, the quark epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe when the fundamental interactions of gravitation, electromagnetism, the strong interaction and the weak interaction had taken their present forms, but the temperature of the universe was still too high to allow quarks to bind together ...
An electroweak star is a hypothetical type of exotic star in which the gravitational collapse of the star is prevented by radiation pressure resulting from electroweak burning; that is, the energy released by the conversion of quarks into leptons through the electroweak force.
In physical cosmology, the hadron epoch started 20 microseconds after the Big Bang. [1] The temperature of the universe had fallen sufficiently to allow the quarks from the preceding quark epoch to bind together into hadrons.