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Example: a mixture of Mn(III) and Mn(VI) will comproportionate towards Mn(IV) as illustrated in the Frost diagram for manganese. Non-adjacent neighboring species of Mn obeying the same general rule will also react together as, e.g., Mn 2+ and MnO − 4 to form MnO 2. So, the more distant Mn(II) and Mn(VII) can also react together to form Mn(IV).
Example of Frost diagram for the manganese species. A Frost diagram or Frost–Ebsworth diagram is a type of graph used by inorganic chemists in electrochemistry to illustrate the relative stability of a number of different oxidation states of a particular substance.
Frost weathering is a collective term for several mechanical weathering processes induced by stresses created by the freezing of water into ice. The term serves as an umbrella term for a variety of processes, such as frost shattering, frost wedging, and cryofracturing.
The energy levels for cyclic systems can be predicted using the Frost circle mnemonic (named after the American chemist Arthur Atwater Frost ). A circle centered at α with radius 2β is inscribed with a regular N- gon with one vertex pointing down; the y -coordinate of the vertices of the polygon then represent the orbital energies of the [ N ...
For example, needle ice, seen in cold soil, occurs via capillary action. The first major contributions to the study of needle ice, or simply, frost heaving were made by Stephen Taber (1929) and Gunnar Beskow (1935), who independently aimed to understand soil freezing. Taber’s initial work was related to understanding how the size of pores ...
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The frost depth depends on the climatic conditions of an area, the heat transfer properties of the soil and adjacent materials, and on nearby heat sources. For example, snow cover and asphalt insulate the ground and homes can heat the ground (see also heat island). The line varies by latitude, it is deeper closer to the poles.
Möbius–Hückel correlation diagram; two modes of butadiene to cyclobutene conversion. It has been noted that for every degeneracy along a reaction coordinate there is a molecular orbital crossing. [4] Thus for the butadiene to cyclobutene conversion, the two Möbius (here conrotatory) and Hückel (here disrotatory) modes are shown in Figure 5.