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2. Lock-in amplifier - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock-in_amplifier

   Lock-in amplifier. A lock-in amplifier is a type of amplifier that can extract a signal with a known carrier wave from an extremely noisy environment. Depending on the dynamic reserve of the instrument, signals up to a million times smaller than noise components, potentially fairly close by in frequency, can still be reliably detected. It is ...

3. Scanning vibrating electrode technique - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_vibrating...

   Block diagram of the electronics of the Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique instrumentation, including piezo, lock-in amplifier, scanhead, and probe. In SVET, the probe vibration results in a more sensitive measurement than its non-vibrating predecessors, [1] as well as giving rise to an improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio. [13]

4. Superheterodyne receiver - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheterodyne_receiver

   Block diagram of a typical single-conversion superheterodyne receiver. The diagram has blocks that are common to superheterodyne receivers, [ 10 ] with only the RF amplifier being optional. Red parts are those that handle the incoming radio frequency (RF) signal; green are parts that operate at the intermediate frequency (IF), while blue parts ...

5. Optical chopper - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_chopper

   Optical choppers, usually rotating disc mechanical shutters, are widely used in science labs in combination with lock-in amplifiers. [1] The chopper is used to modulate the intensity of a light beam, and a lock-in amplifier is used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. To be effective, an optical chopper should have a stable rotating speed.

6. Phase-locked loop - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked_loop

   A phase-locked loop or phase lock loop (PLL) is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is fixed relative to the phase of an input signal. Keeping the input and output phase in lockstep also implies keeping the input and output frequencies the same, thus a phase-locked loop can also track an input frequency.

7. Charge modulation spectroscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_modulation_spectroscopy

   Block diagram of charge modulation spectroscopy setup. Here the photo diode measures the transmission. A direct current plus alternating current signal is applied to the organic field-effect transistor, the AC will be as the reference frequency for the Lock-in Amplifier.

8. Sample and hold - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_and_hold

   Sample and hold. In electronics, a sample and hold (also known as sample and follow) circuit is an analog device that samples (captures, takes) the voltage of a continuously varying analog signal and holds (locks, freezes) its value at a constant level for a specified minimum period of time. Sample and hold circuits and related peak detectors ...

9. Low-noise block downconverter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-noise_block_downconverter

   A low-noise block downconverter (LNB) is the receiving device mounted on satellite dishes used for satellite TV reception, which collects the radio waves from the dish and converts them to a signal which is sent through a cable to the receiver inside the building. Also called a low-noise block, [1][2] low-noise converter (LNC), or even low ...