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Each generation contains two types of leptons and two types of quarks. The two leptons may be classified into one with electric charge −1 (electron-like) and neutral (neutrino); the two quarks may be classified into one with charge − 1 ⁄ 3 (down-type) and one with charge + 2 ⁄ 3 (up-type).
In chemistry a divergent synthesis is a strategy with the aim to improve the efficiency of chemical synthesis. It is often an alternative to convergent synthesis or linear synthesis. In one strategy divergent synthesis aims to generate a library of chemical compounds by first reacting a molecule with a set of reactants. The next generation of ...
Boron (1s 2 2s 2 2p 1) puts its new electron in a 2p orbital; carbon (1s 2 2s 2 2p 2) fills a second 2p orbital; and with nitrogen (1s 2 2s 2 2p 3) all three 2p orbitals become singly occupied. This is consistent with Hund's rule , which states that atoms usually prefer to singly occupy each orbital of the same type before filling them with the ...
For example, in copper 29 Cu, according to the Madelung rule, the 4s subshell (n + l = 4 + 0 = 4) is occupied before the 3d subshell (n + l = 3 + 2 = 5). The rule then predicts the electron configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 9 4s 2, abbreviated [Ar] 3d 9 4s 2 where [Ar] denotes the configuration of argon, the preceding noble gas.
Also acid ionization constant or acidity constant. A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution expressed as an equilibrium constant for a chemical dissociation reaction in the context of acid-base reactions. It is often given as its base-10 cologarithm, p K a. acid–base extraction A chemical reaction in which chemical species are separated from other acids and bases. acid ...
This reflects the fact that, at extremely high temperatures and pressures, the liquid and gaseous phases become indistinguishable, [3] in what is known as a supercritical fluid. In water, the critical point occurs at around T c = 647.096 K (373.946 °C), p c = 22.064 MPa (217.75 atm) and ρ c = 356 kg/m 3 .
Many chemistry aspects, rules, names of compounds, sequences of elements, their reactivity, etc., can be easily and efficiently memorized with the help of mnemonics. This article contains the list of certain mnemonics in chemistry.
There are 18 numbered groups in the periodic table; the 14 f-block columns, between groups 2 and 3, are not numbered. The elements in a group have similar physical or chemical characteristics of the outermost electron shells of their atoms (i.e., the same core charge ), because most chemical properties are dominated by the orbital location of ...