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Gender-biased diagnosing is the idea that medical and psychological diagnosis are influenced by the patient's gender. Several studies have found evidence of differential diagnosis for patients with similar ailments but of different sexes. [ 1 ]
The World Health Organization notes gender differentials in both the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. [61] Gender bias observed in diagnostic and healthcare systems (including as related to under-diagnosis, over-diagnosis, and misdiagnosis) is detrimental to the treatment and health of people of all genders. [62]
As can be seen by these statistics, men are more likely than women to devote more time to their job as opposed to their family. [51] A 2019 study found that female doctors have higher rates of burnout, [52] while 73% of respondents said gender discrimination "has diminished their morale and career satisfaction". [1]
This can complicate diagnosis. A 2011 review article examined sex bias in biomedical research and found that while sex bias has decreased in human clinical trials, particularly since the US National Institute of Health Revitalization Act of 1993, sex bias has increased in non-human studies. [94]
Sex and gender differences in autism exist regarding prevalence, presentation, and diagnosis. Men and boys are more frequently diagnosed with autism than women and girls. It is debated whether this is due to a sex difference in rates of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or whether females are underdiagnosed.
This bias extends beyond education, as racialized minority healthcare users report feeling unjustly reprimanded and scolded by healthcare staff, as noted by African American women in the USA. Furthermore, research reveals disparities in pain medication prescriptions, with white male physicians prescribing less to Black patients, fueled by ...
Women are more likely to experience high levels of depressive symptoms (i.e., low mood, anhedonia, fatigue) at illness onset and over the course of illness. [3] [6] Men are more likely to experience more negative symptoms than women at illness onset. There is conflicting evidence related to sex differences in the expression of positive symptoms.
Detection bias occurs when a phenomenon is more likely to be observed for a particular set of study subjects. For instance, the syndemic involving obesity and diabetes may mean doctors are more likely to look for diabetes in obese patients than in thinner patients, leading to an inflation in diabetes among obese patients because of skewed detection efforts.