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Oceanography (from Ancient Greek ὠκεανός (ōkeanós) 'ocean' and γραφή (graphḗ) 'writing'), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the ocean, including its physics, chemistry, biology, and geology.
The oceanic zone is typically defined as the area of the ocean lying beyond the continental shelf (e.g. the neritic zone), but operationally is often referred to as beginning where the water depths drop to below 200 metres (660 ft), seaward from the coast into the open ocean with its pelagic zone.
Matthew Fontaine Maury (January 14, 1806 – February 1, 1873) was an American oceanographer and naval officer, serving the United States and then joining the Confederacy during the American Civil War.
The subfield dealing with the sea's motion, its forces, and the forces acting upon it is known as physical oceanography. [21] Marine biology (biological oceanography) studies the plants, animals, and other organisms inhabiting marine ecosystems.
Oceanography and Climate Laboratory in Paris LOCEAN Archived 2014-10-12 at the Wayback Machine Paul Ricard Oceanographic Institute on the island of Embiez near Six-Fours-les-Plages . Roscoff Marine Station , associated with Sorbonne University , is the oldest marine research station in the world. [ 17 ]
The hadal zone, also known as the hadopelagic zone, is the deepest region of the ocean, lying within oceanic trenches.The hadal zone ranges from around 6 to 11 km (3.7 to 6.8 mi; 20,000 to 36,000 ft) below sea level, and exists in long, narrow, topographic V-shaped depressions.
In physical oceanography, the sublittoral zone [or "neritic"? clarification needed] refers to coastal regions with significant tidal flows and energy dissipation, including non-linear flows, internal waves, river outflows and ocean fronts. [citation needed] As in marine biology, this zone typically extends to the edge of the continental shelf.
Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters. Physical oceanography is one of several sub-domains into which oceanography is divided.