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One of the causes of intersymbol interference is multipath propagation in which a wireless signal from a transmitter reaches the receiver via multiple paths. The causes of this include reflection (for instance, the signal may bounce off buildings), refraction (such as through the foliage of a tree) and atmospheric effects such as atmospheric ducting and ionospheric reflection.
Not every filter can be used as a pulse shaping filter. The filter itself must not introduce intersymbol interference — it needs to satisfy certain criteria. The Nyquist ISI criterion is a commonly used criterion for evaluation, because it relates the frequency spectrum of the transmitter signal to intersymbol interference.
The raised-cosine filter is a filter frequently used for pulse-shaping in digital modulation due to its ability to minimise intersymbol interference (ISI). Its name stems from the fact that the non-zero portion of the frequency spectrum of its simplest form ( β = 1 {\displaystyle \beta =1} ) is a cosine function, 'raised' up to sit above the f ...
The first step of computing an eye pattern is normally to obtain the waveform being analyzed in a quantized form. This may be done by measuring an actual electrical system with an oscilloscope of sufficient bandwidth, or by creating synthetic data with a circuit simulator in order to evaluate the signal integrity of a proposed design.
In communications, the Nyquist ISI criterion describes the conditions which, when satisfied by a communication channel (including responses of transmit and receive filters), result in no intersymbol interference or ISI. It provides a method for constructing band-limited functions to overcome the effects of intersymbol interference.
A tutorial on the significance of Cyclic Prefix (CP) in OFDM Systems Archived 2023-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. Siemens demos 360 Mbit/s wireless; An Introduction to Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplex Technology; Short Introduction to OFDM – Tutorial written by Prof. Debbah, head of the Alcatel-Lucent Chair on flexible radio.
This helps in constraining the occupied bandwidth of the waveform without introducing intersymbol interference (ISI). The combined response of two such filters is that of the raised-cosine filter . It obtains its name from the fact that its frequency response, H r r c ( f ) {\displaystyle H_{rrc}(f)} , is the square root of the frequency ...
[15] C: Unknown Light scattering by a coated sphere (extinction efficiency, scattering efficiency, light scattering intensity) 2009-2022 Scattnlay: O. Pena, U. Pal, K. Ladutenko [16] C++, Python, and JavaScript: GPLv3 Light scattering from a multilayered sphere based on the algorithm by W Yang. [17] Very robust and stable, slower than Toon and ...