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The voiced pharyngeal approximant or fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʕ , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ?\. Epiglottals and epiglotto-pharyngeals are often mistakenly taken to be pharyngeal.
However, the term voiceless approximant is seen by some phoneticians as controversial. It has been pointed out that if approximant is defined as a speech sound that involves the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough to create turbulent airflow, then it is difficult to see how a voiceless approximant could be audible. [36]
A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. [1] These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of [f]; the back of the tongue against the soft palate in the case of German [x] (the final consonant of Bach); or the side of the tongue against the molars, in the case of Welsh [ɬ] (appearing twice in ...
The voiced bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is β , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is B .
The voiced uvular approximant is also found interchangeably with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as ʁ . Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the approximant may be specified by adding the downtack : ʁ̞ , though some writings [ 1 ] use a superscript ʶ , which is not an official IPA practice.
Only the black symbols are on the official IPA chart; additional symbols are in grey. The grey fricatives are part of the extIPA, and the grey retroflex letters are mentioned or implicit in the Handbook. The grey click is a retired IPA letter that is still in use. The International Phonetic Alphabet is occasionally modified by the Association.
pharyngealized voiced postalveolar fricative [ʒˤ] (in Kabyle and Chechen) pharyngealized voiceless dental fricative [θˤ] (in Zenaga, Shawiya and Shehri) pharyngealized voiced dental fricative [ðˤ] ⓘ (in Arabic ظ, and as [θ̬ˤ], a variant pronunciation in Mehri) pharyngealized voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬˤ]
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɥ̊ [1] or ɸ͡ç . [2] The former – more accurately the voiceless labialized palatal fricative by those who consider it to be a fricative [3] – is the voiceless counterpart of the voiced labial–palatal approximant.