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The Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (Indonesian: Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan, lit. 'Food and Drug Supervisory Agency'), Badan POM/BPOM, or Indonesian FDA is a government agency of Indonesia responsible for protecting public health through the control and supervision of prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medication), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, dietary supplements ...
A two-sided market, also called a two-sided network, is an intermediary economic platform having two distinct user groups that provide each other with network benefits. The organization that creates value primarily by enabling direct interactions between two (or more) distinct types of affiliated customers is called a multi-sided platform . [ 1 ]
The first advance market commitment was launched in 2009 by GAVI, the World bank, WHO, UNICEF, five national governments, and the Gates Foundation. [9] It targeted pneumococcal disease. According to a 2005 WHO estimate, at that time, pneumococcal disease killed 1.6 million people every year, mostly in the Global South. [10]
In economics and finance, market manipulation is a type of market abuse where there is a deliberate attempt to interfere with the free and fair operation of the market; the most blatant of cases involve creating false or misleading appearances with respect to the price of, or market for, a product, security or commodity. [citation needed]
In economics, the market mechanism is a mechanism by which the use of money exchanged by buyers and sellers with an open and understood system of value and time trade-offs in a market tends to optimize distribution of goods and services in at least some ways.
Contestable markets are characterized by "hit and run" competition; if a firm in a contestable market raises its prices so as to begin to earn excess profits, potential rivals will enter the market, hoping to exploit the high price for easy profit. When the original incumbent firm(s) respond by returning prices to levels consistent with normal ...
A captive market is a market where the potential consumers face a severely limited number of competitive suppliers; their only choices are to purchase what is available or to make no purchase at all. The term therefore applies to any market where there is a monopoly or oligopoly .
A mass market, also known as undifferentiated market, is a large group of current and/or prospective customers, where individual members share similar needs. The size of a mass market depends on the product category. Mass marketers typically aim at between 50 and 100 percent of the total market potential. [7]