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Apoptosis is a multi-step, multi-pathway cell-death programme that is inherent in every cell of the body. In cancer, the apoptosis cell-division ratio is altered. Cancer treatment by chemotherapy and irradiation kills target cells primarily by inducing apoptosis. [98]
The concept of the tumor microenvironment (TME) dates back to 1863 when Rudolf Virchow established a connection between inflammation and cancer. However, it was not until 1889 that Stephen Paget's seed and soil theory introduced the important role of TME in cancer metastasis, highlighting the intricate relationship between tumors and their surrounding microenvironment.
An important approach of hypoxia-related treatment interventions is a procedure called dose painting, in which a higher radiation dose is targeted to hypoxic subvolumes of tumor. [37] However, one of the major challenges is a lack of clinically applicable method to detect tumor hypoxia. [ 38 ]
This step is important in the metastatic journey as it enables tumor cells to leave their original site and circulate through the body. pro- angiogenic factors like VEGF, [21] along with interactions between cancer calls and the vessel walls, make it easier for tumor cells to penetrate into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. By gaining access ...
HeLa cells have been used to study expression of the papillomavirus E2 and apoptosis. [34] HeLa cells have also been used to study the ability of the canine distemper virus to induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines, [35] which could play an important role in developing treatments for tumor cells resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. [35]
Ischemic cell death, or oncosis, is a form of accidental cell death.The process is characterized by an ATP depletion within the cell leading to impairment of ionic pumps, cell swelling, clearing of the cytosol, dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus, mitochondrial condensation, chromatin clumping, and cytoplasmic bleb formation. [1]
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