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Non-POD return values or values larger than 64-bits, the calling code will allocate space and passes a pointer to this space via a hidden parameter on the stack. The called function writes the return value to this address. Stack aligned on 4-byte boundary. stdcall: Microsoft: RTL (C) Callee Also supported by GCC. fastcall: Microsoft: ECX, EDX ...
The C99 Language Specification ( ISO9899:1999 ) has the following warning in section 6.3.2.3 Pointers : "A pointer to an object or incomplete type may be converted to a pointer to a different object or incomplete type. If the resulting pointer is not correctly aligned for the pointed-to type, the behavior is undefined."
Whether the first function parameter passed on the stack is pushed first or last Whether the caller or callee is responsible for cleaning up the stack after the function call How an application should make system calls to the operating system, and if the ABI specifies direct system calls rather than procedure calls to system call stubs , the ...
The transition from 32-bit to 64-bit code on x86 also uses a form of thunking . However, because the x86-64 address space is larger than the one available to 32-bit code, the old "generic thunk" mechanism could not be used to call 64-bit code from 32-bit code. [ 15 ]
We could use these 4 bits to mark the table entry with extra information. For example, bit 0 might mean read only, bit 1 might mean dirty (the table entry needs to be updated), and so on. If pointers are 16-bit values, then: 0x3421 is a read-only pointer to the table_entry at address 0x3420; 0xf472 is a pointer to a dirty table_entry at address ...
A function pointer, also called a subroutine pointer or procedure pointer, is a pointer referencing executable code, rather than data. Dereferencing the function pointer yields the referenced function , which can be invoked and passed arguments just as in a normal function call.
An example for which a conservative garbage collector would be needed is the C language, which allows typed (non-void) pointers to be type cast into untyped (void) pointers, and vice versa. A related issue concerns internal pointers, or pointers to fields within an object. If the semantics of a language allow internal pointers, then there may ...
On the x86-64 platform, a total of seven memory models exist, [7] as the majority of symbol references are only 32 bits wide, and if the addresses are known at link time (as opposed to position-independent code). This does not affect the pointers used, which are always flat 64-bit pointers, but only how values that have to be accessed via ...