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For materials satisfying M = χH, we can also write B = μ 0 (1 + χ)H = μ 0 μ r H = μH, where μ r = 1 + χ is the (dimensionless) relative permeability and μ =μ 0 μ r is the magnetic permeability. Both hard and soft magnets have a more complex, history-dependent, behavior described by what are called hysteresis loops, which give either ...
Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials (such as iron) that results in a significant, observable magnetic permeability, and in many cases, a significant magnetic coercivity, allowing the material to form a permanent magnet. Ferromagnetic materials are noticeably attracted to a magnet, which is a consequence of their substantial ...
The coercivity is a measure of the degree of magnetic hysteresis and therefore characterizes the lossiness of soft magnetic materials for their common applications. The saturation remanence and coercivity are figures of merit for hard magnets, although maximum energy product is also commonly quoted.
3, is in between soft and hard magnetic material and is usually classified as a semi-hard material. [23] It is mainly used for its magnetostrictive applications like sensors and actuators [24] thanks to its high saturation magnetostriction (~200 ppm). Co Fe 2 O 4 has also the benefits to be rare-earth free, which makes it a good substitute for ...
With hard magnetic materials (such as sintered neodymium magnets), the detailed microscopic process of magnetization reversal depends on whether the magnet is in an open-circuit or closed-circuit configuration, since the magnetic medium around the magnet influences the interactions between domains in a way that cannot be fully captured by a ...
Ferrofluid on glass, with a rare-earth magnet underneath. A rare-earth magnet is a strong permanent magnet made from alloys of rare-earth elements.Developed in the 1970s and 1980s, rare-earth magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnets made, producing significantly stronger magnetic fields than other types such as ferrite or alnico magnets.