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Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) of the newborn, previously known as haemorrhagic disease of the newborn, [1] is a rare form of bleeding disorder that affects newborns and young infants due to low stores of vitamin K at birth. [2]
The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are roughly 30–60% that of adult values; this appears to be a consequence of poor transfer of the vitamin across the placenta, and thus low fetal plasma vitamin K. [19] Occurrence of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the first week of the infant's life is estimated at between 1 in 60 and 1 in 250.
Babies receive a shot of vitamin K after birth to prevent life-threatening bleeding. But more parents are refusing the injection. The trend is alarming doctors.
Therefore, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that 0.5 to 1.0 mg Vitamin K 1 be administered to all newborns shortly after birth. [4] Postmenopausal and elderly women in Thailand have a high risk of Vitamin K 2 deficiency, compared with the normal value of young, reproductive females. [5]
[2] [3] Vitamin K injections are administered to newborns as a preventative measure to reduce the risk of hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (HDN). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The coagulation pathway helps the body stop active bleeds by using vitamin K dependent clotting factors (factors II, VII, IX, and X) which are synthesized by the liver.
Cell-free DNA can be used the determine the Rh antigen of the fetus when the mother is Rh negative. Blood is taken from the mother during the pregnancy, and using PCR, can detect the K, C, c, D, and E alleles of fetal DNA. This blood test is non-invasive to the fetus and is an easy way of checking antigen status and risk of HDN.
The other is vitamin K to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding. [49] In cases where the pregnant woman is positive for hepatitis B, the baby will receive an additional dose of hepatitis B immunoglobulin in addition to the hepatitis B vaccine to prevent transmission of the disease from mother to baby. [50]
Fetal warfarin syndrome is a disorder of the embryo which occurs in a child whose mother took the medication warfarin (brand name: Coumadin) during pregnancy.Resulting abnormalities include low birth weight, slower growth, intellectual disability, deafness, small head size, and malformed bones, cartilage, and joints.