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In India, the federal laws defines misrepresentation under "Misconception Of Fact". This is dealt with under the Indian Penal Code in Section 90, which states: Consent given firstly under fear of injury, and secondly under a misconception of fact, is not consent at all. That is what is explained in the first part of Section 90.
"Where the action is brought under section 2(1) of the Misrepresentation Act , one possible view is that the deceit rule will be applied by virtue of the fiction of fraud. But the preferable view is that the severity of the deceit rule can only be justified in cases of actual fraud and that remoteness under section 2(1) should depend, as in ...
In the Nigerian Criminal Code, the same offence is covered by article 419, which has now lent its name to the advance fee fraud. [6] The title of two popular Hindi films – Chachi 420 (in English: Trickster Aunt, a 1997 remake of Mrs. Doubtfire) and Shri 420 (in English: Mr. 420, a 1955 film) – are direct references to Section 420 of the IPC.
In common law jurisdictions, a misrepresentation is a false or misleading [1] statement of fact made during negotiations by one party to another, the statement then inducing that other party to enter into a contract. [2] [3] The misled party may normally rescind the contract, and sometimes may be awarded damages as well (or instead of rescission).
It is the misrepresentation that renders it fraudulent. This type of fraud is widespread in countries like the United Kingdom, where due to law enforcement agencies being negligent, jury trials not being mandatory or not even existing at all, and due to corruption, it is impossible to enforce the law through private prosecution or civil remedies.
It has in the past included in its mission the goal of preventing "fraud, deception, and unfair business practices in the marketplace". [6] It does so by "collecting reports from consumers and conducting investigations, suing companies and people that break the law, developing rules to maintain a fair marketplace, and educating consumers and ...
Coercion (Section 15): "Coercion" is the committing, or threatening to commit, any act forbidden by the Indian Penal Code under(45,1860), or the unlawful detaining, or threatening to detain, any property, to the prejudice of any person whatever, with the intention of causing any person to enter into an agreement. For example, "A" threatens to ...
Fraud and financial crime patterns have become more digital and faster changing, leveraging the underlying characteristics of the underlying digital payments infrastructures. This caused traditional rule based systems to be ineffective and led the way to machine learning and AI-based fraud detection techniques.