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The lemma or citation form of a Korean verb is the form that ends in ta 다 da without a tense-aspect marker. For verbs, this form was used as an imperfect declarative form in Middle Korean, [3] but is no longer used in Modern Korean. [4] For adjectives, this form is the non-past declarative form.
The choice of whether to use a Sino-Korean noun or a native Korean word is a delicate one, with the Sino-Korean alternative often sounding more profound or refined. It is in much the same way that Latin- or French-derived words in English are used in higher-level vocabulary sets (e.g. the sciences), thus sounding more refined – for example ...
The word copula derives from the Latin noun for a "link" or "tie" that connects two different things. [1] [2] A copula is often a verb or a verb-like word, though this is not universally the case. [3] A verb that is a copula is sometimes called a copulative or copular verb. In English primary education grammar courses, a copula is often called ...
North Korean collation Principle Initial consonants: All single jamo (except ieung ㅇ) before all doubled jamo; ieung after the doubled jamo Vowels: All single jamo before all composite jamo; for composite jamo, all digraphs before all trigraphs; for digraphs, the ones ending in ㅣ precede others.
The mid front rounded vowel ( ㅚ) and the close front rounded vowel ( ㅟ), [28]: 6 can still be heard in the speech of some older speakers, but they have been largely replaced by the diphthongs [we] and [ɥi], respectively. [4]: 4–6 In a 2003 survey of 350 speakers from Seoul, nearly 90% pronounced the vowel ㅟ as [ɥi]. [35]
Each Korean speech level can be combined with honorific or non-honorific noun and verb forms. Taken together, there are 14 combinations. Some of these speech levels are disappearing from the majority of Korean speech. Hasoseo-che is now used mainly in movies or dramas set in the Joseon era and in religious speech. [1]
Sino-Korean words constitute a large portion of South Korean vocabulary, the remainder being native Korean words and loanwords from other languages, such as Japanese and English to a lesser extent. Sino-Korean words are typically used in formal or literary contexts, [5] and to express abstract or complex ideas. [7]
Yuen Ren Chao has described sentence-final particles as "phrase suffixes": just as a word suffix is in construction with the word preceding it, a sentence-final particle or phrase suffix is "in construction with a preceding phrase or sentence, though phonetically closely attached to the syllable immediately preceding it". [4]