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Also, there are risk assessment tools for estimating the combined risk of several risk factors, such as the online tool from the Framingham Heart Study for estimating the risk for coronary heart disease outcomes using multiple risk factors, including age, gender, blood lipids, blood pressure and smoking, being much more accurate than ...
Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk at 10 years in percent can be calculated with the help of the Framingham Risk Score. Individuals with low risk have 10% or less CHD risk at 10 years, with intermediate risk 10-20%, and with high risk 20% or more. However, it should be remembered that these categorisations are arbitrary. [citation needed]
The positive predictive value (PPV), or precision, is defined as = + = where a "true positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a positive result under the gold standard, and a "false positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a negative result under the gold standard.
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), or ischemic heart disease (IHD), [13] is a type of heart disease involving the reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscle due to a build-up of atheromatous plaque in the arteries of the heart. [5] [6] [14] It is the most common of the cardiovascular diseases. [15]
Tobacco smoking is a clear risk factor for development of coronary artery disease. [13] Exposure to second hand smoke also has clear cardiovascular risks. [13] Tobacco smokers have higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides which are risk factors for development of coronary artery disease. [40]
RR < 1 means that the risk of the outcome is decreased by the exposure, which is a "protective factor" RR > 1 means that the risk of the outcome is increased by the exposure, which is a "risk factor" As always, correlation does not mean causation; the causation could be reversed, or they could both be caused by a common confounding variable ...
If the patient is 'low risk' using the CHA 2 DS 2-VASc score (that is, 0 in males or 1 in females), no anticoagulant therapy is recommended. In males with 1 stroke risk factor (that is, a CHA 2 DS 2-VASc score=1), antithrombotic therapy with OAC may be considered, and people's values and preferences should be considered. [28]
The adverse outcome (black) risk difference between the group exposed to the treatment (left) and the group unexposed to the treatment (right) is −0.25 (RD = −0.25, ARR = 0.25). The risk difference (RD), excess risk , or attributable risk [ 1 ] is the difference between the risk of an outcome in the exposed group and the unexposed group.