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In 1970, 320 delegates were elected to a constitutional convention which began to meet in 1971. On 23 September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos issued the formal declaration of martial law which led to the arrests of 11 conveners, alongside government critics and journalists, by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine Constabulary. [1]
The 1973 Philippine martial law referendum was a national referendum in which the citizens' assemblies voted for: The ratification of the 1973 Constitution; The suspension of the convening of the Interim National Assembly provided in the transitory provisions of the 1973 Constitution; The continuation of martial law
These assemblies, instead of via secret ballot, voted via showing of hands on the new constitution, and whether to hold another plebiscite for approving the constitution, from January 10 to 15, 1973. The citizens' assemblies overwhelmingly approved the constitution, and voted not to hold another plebiscite. [5]
January 10–15 – A national plebiscite referendum is held among the citizens' assemblies to ratify the new Constitution. [1] [2]January 15 – Chinese Lim Seng (Guan Suo So), upon order from Pres. Marcos on January 3, is publicly executed by firing squad in a firing range in Fort Bonifacio, Rizal for drug trafficking; the country's first execution by that method after 27 years, and only ...
The Ratification Cases, officially titled as Javellana v.Executive Secretary (G.R. No. L-36142, March 31, 1973; 50 SCRA 30), was a 1973 Supreme Court of the Philippines case that allowed the 1973 Philippine Constitution to come into full force, which led to President Ferdinand Marcos staying in office and ruling by decree until he was ousted by the People Power Revolution in 1986.
In 1964 and 1973 delegates were also elected in partisan elections with primaries, but not in 1986. More: 'Frightening prospect': Why RI's unions are organizing against a constitutional convention
To create a mandate for continuing to keep the Philippines under Military rule, Marcos ordered the conduct of several referendums over the next few years, the first of which took place in July 1973. (This should not be confused with the plebiscite that ratified the new constitution, which had been held in January earlier in that year.) [73]
UC Davis law professor and historian Mary Ziegler has become one of the country's leading authorities on the abortion issue. She sees a push-pull between judges, anti-abortion lawmakers and ...