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Bladder stones or uroliths are a common occurrence in animals, especially in domestic animals such as dogs and cats. [1] Occurrence in other species, including tortoises, [2] has been reported as well. The stones form in the urinary bladder in varying size and numbers secondary to infection, dietary influences, and genetics.
All forms of portosystemic shunts produce various neurological, gastrointestinal, and urinary symptoms. [3]Symptoms of congenital PSS usually appear by six months of age [4] and include failure to gain weight, vomiting, and signs of hepatic encephalopathy (a condition where toxins normally removed by the liver accumulate in the blood and impair the function of brain cells) such as seizures ...
Bladder stones (14 mm diameter) incidentally found in a bladder diverticulum during transvesical prostatectomy (removal of the prostate via an incision in the bladder) Bladder stones are small mineral deposits that can form in the bladder. In most cases bladder stones develop when the urine becomes very concentrated or when one is dehydrated.
Obese animals are also at increased risk of complications following anesthesia or surgery. [1] Obese dogs are more likely to develop urinary incontinence, may have difficulty breathing, and overall have a poorer quality of life compared to non-obese dogs, [17] as well as having a lower life expectancy. [1]
Struvite urinary stones and crystals form readily in the urine of animals and humans that are infected with ammonia-producing organisms. They are potentiated by alkaline urine and high magnesium excretion (high magnesium/plant-based diets). They also are potentiated by a specific urinary protein in domestic cats.
Carcinogenic parasites are parasitic organisms that depend on other organisms (called hosts) for their survival, and cause cancer in such hosts.Three species of flukes are medically-proven carcinogenic parasites, namely the urinary blood fluke (Schistosoma haematobium), the Southeast Asian liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini) and the Chinese liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis).
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While the causes of cancer in cats are unknown, feline leukemia virus is suspected to be a prime contributor. [2] Other factors suspected to increase rates of feline cancer include toxins from the environment, passive smoking, excessive grooming, or licking parts of the body that have been in contact with an environmental toxin. [2]