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Blood doping is a form of doping in which the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream is boosted in order to enhance athletic performance. Because such blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles, a higher concentration in the blood can improve an athlete's aerobic capacity (VO 2 max) and endurance. [1]
Elite athletes in most sports, such as track and field, weightlifting, cycling, rowing, swimming, skiing, are less likely to have done intensive training at a young age than the near-elite athletes. [1] NCAA Division I athletes tended to play multiple sports in high school, and only one in six specialized in a single sport before the age of 12. [3]
Another factor could be parental pressure to compete and succeed. Other risk factors include sleep deprivation, general physical and cognitive immaturity, dietary imbalance and inadequate physical fitness. [10] Among young athletes, a common form of overuse injury is stress fractures, which include injuries of the: femoral neck/pubis; femoral ...
Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim only to prolong life or to reduce symptoms (palliative chemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer, which is called medical oncology. [1] [2]
Physical activity before cancer diagnosis is associated with a decreased risk of cancer progression and death, a new study, which focused mostly on breast and prostate cancer patients, found.
[29] [30] A 2013 study by the National Academy of Sciences found that concussion rates in college football exceed those in any other sport, and that high school players have twice the risk of sustaining a concussion as collegiate players. The study found that, as reported by athletic trainers, college football players sustain 6.3 concussions ...
Doxorubicin, sold under the brand name Adriamycin among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat cancer. [10] This includes breast cancer, bladder cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, and acute lymphocytic leukemia. [10] It is often used together with other chemotherapy agents. [10] Doxorubicin is given by injection into a vein. [10]
A major challenge are the large variations in responses to immunocheckpoint inhibitors, some patients showing spectacular clinical responses while no positive effects are seen in others. A plethora of possible reasons for the absence of efficacy in many patients have been proposed, but the biomedical community has still to begin to find ...