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Alachlor exhibits moderate sorption in soil, ranging from 43-209 mL/g. Photodegradation is a minor contributor to alachlor fate. Degradation in soil appears to be largely biologically mediated, and produces multiple metabolites. The half life in aerobic soil ranges from about 6 to 15 days and is considerably shorter under anaerobic conditions. [13]
Surfactants, solvents, and preservatives are inert ingredients, or adjuvants, that are commonly added to glyphosate-based herbicide formulations. [12] Some products contain all the necessary adjuvants, including surfactant; some contain no adjuvant system, while other products contain only a limited amount of adjuvant.
Roundup is a brand name of herbicide originally produced by Monsanto, which Bayer acquired in 2018. Prior to the late-2010s formulations, it used broad-spectrum glyphosate-based herbicides. [1]
The half-life of glyphosate in soil ranges between 2 and 197 days; a typical field half-life of 47 days has been suggested. Soil and climate conditions affect glyphosate's persistence in soil. The median half-life of glyphosate in water varies from a few to 91 days. [56] At a site in Texas, half-life was as little as three days.
Dicamba has since been used for household and commercial weed control. Increasing use of dicamba has been reported with the release of dicamba-resistant genetically modified plants by Monsanto. In October 2016, the EPA launched a criminal investigation into the illegal application of older, drift prone formulations of dicamba onto these new plants.
In the USA, it is sold under the trade names Garlon, Remedy, Turflon, Weed-B-Gon (purple label), Brush-B-Gon among others, and in the UK as SBK Brushwood Killer. It is a major ingredient in Confront, which was withdrawn from most uses because of concerns about compost contamination from the other major ingredient, clopyralid.
Tillage is able to control weeds because when the soil is overturned, the vegetative parts of the plants are damaged and the root systems are exposed causing desiccation. [8] Generally, the younger the weed is, the more readily it can be controlled with tillage. [6] To control mature perennial weeds, repeated tillage is necessary.