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Bituminous geomembrane (BGM) is a type of geomembrane consisting of a reinforcing geotextile to provide mechanical strength and elastomeric bitumen (often called asphalt in U.S.) to provide impermeability. Other components such as sand, a glass fleece, and/or a polyester film can be incorporated into the layers of a BGM. [1]
A rut is a depression or groove worn into a road or path by the travel of wheels or skis. Ruts can be formed by wear, as from studded snow tires common in cold climate areas, or they can form through the deformation of the asphalt concrete, pavement or subbase material. In modern roads the main cause is heavily loaded trucks.
A sealed road is a road whose surface has been permanently sealed by the use of one of several pavement treatments, often of composite construction. In some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, this surface is generically referred to as "seal". [1] Surface treatments used on sealed roads include: Asphalt concrete; Chipseal; Tarmac; Bitumen
Asphalt batch mix plant A machine laying asphalt concrete, fed from a dump truck. Asphalt concrete (commonly called asphalt, [1] blacktop, or pavement in North America, and tarmac or bitumen macadam in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland) is a composite material commonly used to surface roads, parking lots, airports, and the core of embankment dams. [2]
The type of bitumen used can greatly affect the strength of the road. Bitumen binders that are more viscous tend to move through the aggregate faster, but are not as hard and cannot handle heavier loads. A huge advantage of Otta seal over other seals is the ability to use almost any type or size of crushed rocks as the aggregate.
Natural bitumen from the Dead Sea Refined bitumen The University of Queensland pitch drop experiment, demonstrating the viscosity of bitumen. Bitumen (UK: / ˈ b ɪ tʃ ʊ m ɪ n / BIH-chuum-in, US: / b ɪ ˈ tj uː m ɪ n, b aɪ-/ bih-TEW-min, by-) [1] is an immensely viscous constituent of petroleum. Depending on its exact composition it can ...
Macadam is a type of road construction pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam c. 1820, in which crushed stone is placed in shallow, convex layers and compacted thoroughly. A binding layer of stone dust (crushed stone from the original material) may form; it may also, after rolling, be covered with a cement or bituminous binder to ...
The Shell pavement design method was used in many countries for the design of new pavements made of asphalt. [1] First published in 1963, [2] it was the first mechanistic design method, providing a procedure that was no longer based on codification of historic experience but instead that permitted computation of strain levels at key positions in the pavement.