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Bipolar transistors, and particularly power transistors, have long base-storage times when they are driven into saturation; the base storage limits turn-off time in switching applications. A Baker clamp can prevent the transistor from heavily saturating, which reduces the amount of charge stored in the base and thus improves switching time.
The first single-chip memory IC was the BJT 16-bit IBM SP95 fabricated in December 1965, engineered by Paul Castrucci. [9] [10] While bipolar memory offered improved performance over magnetic-core memory, it could not compete with the lower price of magnetic-core memory, which remained dominant up until the late 1960s. [9] Bipolar memory failed ...
In 1964, Arnold Farber and Eugene Schlig, working for IBM, created a hard-wired memory cell, using a transistor gate and tunnel diode latch. They replaced the latch with two transistors and two resistors, a configuration that became known as the Farber-Schlig cell. That year they submitted an invention disclosure, but it was initially rejected.
The transistor's body forms a capacitor against the insulated substrate. The charge accumulates on this capacitor and may cause adverse effects, for example, opening of parasitic transistors in the structure and causing off-state leakages, resulting in higher current consumption and in case of DRAM in loss of information from the memory cells.
SRAM typically has six-transistor cells, whereas DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) typically has single-transistor cells. [ 17 ] [ 15 ] In 1965, Toshiba 's Toscal BC-1411 electronic calculator used a form of capacitive bipolar DRAM, storing 180-bit data on discrete memory cells, consisting of germanium bipolar transistors and capacitors.
Besides light excitation, carriers in semiconductors can also be generated by an external electric field, for example in light-emitting diodes and transistors. When light with sufficient energy hits a semiconductor, it can excite electrons across the band gap. This generates additional charge carriers, temporarily lowering the electrical ...
The earliest warning signs of Alzheimer's disease include memory loss that impacts your daily functioning, vision and language issues, social withdrawal, and more.
Integrated injection logic (IIL, I 2 L, or I2L) is a class of digital circuits built with multiple collector bipolar junction transistors (BJT). [1] When introduced it had speed comparable to TTL yet was almost as low power as CMOS , making it ideal for use in VLSI (and larger) integrated circuits .