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  2. Charcoal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal

    Lump charcoal is a traditional charcoal made directly from hardwood material. It usually produces far less ash than briquettes. Japanese charcoal has had pyroligneous acid removed during the charcoal making; it therefore produces almost no smell or smoke when burned. The traditional charcoal of Japan is classified into three types:

  3. Lincoln County Process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_County_Process

    Nelson's Green Brier Distillery uses the Lincoln County Process to make its wheated First 108 Tennessee whiskey and its white whiskey. [12] Collier and McKeel, made in Nashville, uses a method that pumps the whiskey slowly through 10–13 feet (3–4 m) feet of sugar maple charcoal (instead of using gravity) made from trees cut by local sawmills.

  4. Coal liquefaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_liquefaction

    Coal liquefaction is a process of converting coal into liquid hydrocarbons: liquid fuels and petrochemicals. This process is often known as "coal to X" or "carbon to X", where X can be many different hydrocarbon-based products. However, the most common process chain is "coal to liquid fuels" (CTL). [1]

  5. Hydrothermal carbonization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_carbonization

    Biomass is heated together with water to 180 °C (356 °F) in a pressure vessel, in particular vegetable material (in the following reaction equation, simplified as sugar with the formula C 6 H 12 O 6). The pressure rises to about 1 megapascal (150 psi). During the reaction, oxonium ions are also formed which reduce the pH to pH 5 and lower.

  6. Dry distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_distillation

    Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). The method may involve pyrolysis or thermolysis, or it may not (for instance, a simple mixture of ice and glass could be separated without breaking any chemical bonds, but organic matter contains a greater diversity of molecules, some of which are likely to break).

  7. Water purification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

    For highly acidic waters, forced draft degasifiers can be an effective way to raise the pH, by stripping dissolved carbon dioxide from the water. [2] Making the water alkaline helps coagulation and flocculation processes work effectively and also helps to minimise the risk of lead being dissolved from lead pipes and from lead solder in pipe ...

  8. Activated carbon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon

    Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon commonly used to filter contaminants from water and air, among many other uses. It is processed ( activated ) to have small, low-volume pores that greatly increase the surface area [ 1 ] [ 2 ] available for adsorption or chemical reactions . [ 3 ] (

  9. Portable water purification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_water_purification

    Water filters can be made on-site using local materials such as sand and charcoal (e.g. from firewood burned in a special way). These filters are sometimes used by soldiers and outdoor enthusiasts. Due to their low cost they can be made and used by anyone. The reliability of such systems is highly variable.