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While the number and severity of symptoms vary among individuals, repetitive regurgitation of undigested food (known as rumination) after the start of a meal is always present. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In some individuals, the regurgitation is small, occurring over a long period of time following ingestion, and can be rechewed and swallowed.
During pregnancy the plasma volume increases by 40-50% and the red blood cell volume increases only by 20–30%. [22] These changes occur mostly in the second trimester and prior to 32 weeks gestation. [24] Due to dilution, the net result is a decrease in hematocrit or hemoglobin, which are measures of red blood cell concentration.
Pregnancy symptoms may be categorized based on trimester as well as region of the body affected. Each pregnancy can be quite different and many people do not experience the same or all of the symptoms. If a person is concerned about their symptoms they should be encouraged to speak with an appropriate healthcare professional. [2]
A longitudinal study done on prenatal stress and gender roles showed that prenatal stress only plays a small part in the gender roles the offspring takes on and mentions it has more to do with older siblings, maternal use of alcohol and/or tobacco, maternal education, and the observance or teaching of “traditional sex roles” from the parents.
[1] [2] It is estimated that 7% to 20% of pregnant women are affected by this condition. [3] Any form of prenatal stress felt by the mother can have negative effects on various aspects of fetal development, which can cause harm to the mother and child. Even after birth, a child born from a depressed or stressed mother feels the affects.
People say pregnancy is one of the most beautiful life experiences, and nothing can compare to bringing a new life into the world. Watching your body grow and change can be both scary and exciting ...
Postpartum depression in the DSM-5 is known as "depressive disorder with peripartum onset". Peripartum onset is defined as starting anytime during pregnancy or within the four weeks following delivery. [22] There is no longer a distinction made between depressive episodes that occur during pregnancy or those that occur after delivery. [75]
This increase in size and weight of the uterus puts stress on the ligament that holds it, causing it to stretch. During physical exertion or sudden movements, the ligament is overly stretched, causing pain. Varicosities, [7] e.g. enlargement of the blood vessels of the round ligament can occur during pregnancy, causing pain and swelling. The ...