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  2. Pharmacy benefit management - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy_benefit_management

    The Knox-Keene Health Care Service Plan Act of 1975 is a set of Californian laws that regulate Healthcare Service Plans. Under these laws, pharmacy benefit managers with contracts to Health care service plans are required by law to be registered with the Department of Managed Health Care to disclose information. [58] SB 966: Pharmacy benefits

  3. Amid increased federal scrutiny, PBMs pivot strategy to ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/finance/amid-increased-federal...

    Pharmacy benefits managers (PBMs) are employing new strategies to squeeze independent pharmacies, even as the industry faces pressure from the federal government, which is looking for ways to curb ...

  4. Insensitivity to sample size - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insensitivity_to_sample_size

    Insensitivity to sample size is a cognitive bias that occurs when people judge the probability of obtaining a sample statistic without respect to the sample size.For example, in one study, subjects assigned the same probability to the likelihood of obtaining a mean height of above six feet [183 cm] in samples of 10, 100, and 1,000 men.

  5. Bubble chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_chart

    A bubble chart is a type of chart that displays three dimensions of data. Each entity with its triplet (v 1, v 2, v 3) of associated data is plotted as a disk that expresses two of the v i values through the disk's xy location and the third through its size. Bubble charts can facilitate the understanding of social, economical, medical, and ...

  6. Data dredging - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dredging

    The figure shows the change in p-values computed from a t-test as the sample size increases, and how early stopping can allow for p-hacking. Data is drawn from two identical normal distributions, N ( 0 , 10 ) {\displaystyle N(0,10)} .

  7. Effect size - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_size

    In statistics, an effect size is a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population, or a sample-based estimate of that quantity. It can refer to the value of a statistic calculated from a sample of data, the value of one parameter for a hypothetical population, or to the equation that operationalizes how statistics or parameters lead to the effect size ...

  8. PS Power and Sample Size - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Power_and_Sample_Size

    Matched or independent study designs may be used. Power, sample size, and the detectable alternative hypothesis are interrelated. The user specifies any two of these three quantities and the program derives the third. A description of each calculation, written in English, is generated and may be copied into the user's documents.

  9. Misuse of statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misuse_of_statistics

    Statistics, when used in a misleading fashion, can trick the casual observer into believing something other than what the data shows. That is, a misuse of statistics occurs when a statistical argument asserts a falsehood. In some cases, the misuse may be accidental. In others, it is purposeful and for the gain of the perpetrator.