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The consensus of modern scholars is that this pyramid's proportions are not based on the golden ratio, because such a basis would be inconsistent both with what is known about Egyptian mathematics from the time of construction of the pyramid, and with Egyptian theories of architecture and proportion used in their other works.
Other scholars question whether the golden ratio was known to or used by Greek artists and architects as a principle of aesthetic proportion. [11] Building the Acropolis is calculated to have been started around 600 BC, but the works said to exhibit the golden ratio proportions were created from 468 BC to 430 BC.
The ideal of proportion that was used by ancient Greek architects in designing temples was not a simple mathematical progression using a square module. The math involved a more complex geometrical progression, the so-called golden mean .
In geometry, a golden rectangle is a rectangle with side lengths in golden ratio +:, or :, with approximately equal to 1.618 or 89/55. Golden rectangles exhibit a special form of self-similarity : if a square is added to the long side, or removed from the short side, the result is a golden rectangle as well.
The golden ratio is a mathematical constant, usually denoted by the Greek letter ... (Latin: sectio divina), golden proportion, golden cut, and mean of Phidias. ...
Artists have used mathematics since the 4th century BC when the Greek sculptor Polykleitos wrote his Canon, prescribing proportions conjectured to have been based on the ratio 1: √ 2 for the ideal male nude. Persistent popular claims have been made for the use of the golden ratio in ancient art
It is a typical Greek sculpture depicting the beauty of the male body. "Polykleitos sought to capture the ideal proportions of the human figure in his statues and developed a set of aesthetic principles governing these proportions that was known as the Canon or 'Rule'. [7] He created the system based on mathematical ratios.
The Greek letter phi, symbol for the golden ratio. Barr was a friend of William Schooling, and worked with him in exploiting the properties of the golden ratio to develop arithmetic algorithms suitable for mechanical calculators. [15] According to Theodore Andrea Cook, Barr gave the golden ratio the name of phi (ϕ).