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A volcanic eruption could just be a simple outpouring of material onto the surface of a planet, but they usually involve a complex mixture of solids, liquids and gases which behave in equally complex ways. [3] Some types of explosive eruptions can release energy a quarter that of an equivalent mass of TNT. [18]
Decade Volcanoes – Set of sixteen volcanoes noted for their eruptive history and proximity to densely populated areas; Dense-rock equivalent – Volcanologic calculation to estimate eruption volume; Volcanic winter of 536 – Cooling period in Northern Hemisphere caused by volcanic eruptions; Geologic timeline of Western North America
This can cause major disruptions to air travel. Comparison of major United States prehistoric eruptions (VEI 7 and 8) with major historical volcanic eruptions in the 19th and 20th century (VEI 5, 6 and 7). From left to right: Yellowstone 2.1 Ma, Yellowstone 1.3 Ma, Long Valley 6.26 Ma, Yellowstone 0.64 Ma . 19th century eruptions: Tambora 1815 ...
The global distribution of volcanic activity at a given time reflects the contemporaneous lithospheric stress field, and changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of volcanoes reflect changes in the stress field. The main factors governing the evolution of the stress field are: Changes in the configuration of plate boundaries.
Volcanic eruptions can cause disaster on a shocking scale, as the 2022 eruption on the South Pacific island of Tonga showed. ... It was the first time in history that a major eruption deposited ...
2020–2022 Taal Volcano eruptions: 38 Dieng Volcanic Complex: 2 Indonesia: 1786 [30] 32 Mount Nyiragongo: 1 Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2021 2021 Mount Nyiragongo eruption: 32 Kelud: 4 Indonesia: 1990 [40] 31 Bayonnaise Rocks: 2 Japan: 1952 [41] 31 Nabro Volcano: 4 Eritrea: 2011 2011 Nabro eruption: 30 Rinjani: 3 Indonesia: 1994 [42] 27 ...
The volcano that produced the 1808/1809 eruption remains unknown. The addition of Zavaritskii highlights the potential of volcanoes in the Kuril Islands for disrupting Earth’s climate, the study ...
The volcanic island of Anak Krakatau in Indonesia saw an eruption on 22 December 2018 which caused a deadly tsunami, with waves surging up to five meters in height. The tsunami killed at least 437 ...