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The term plasmid was coined in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant." [14] [15] The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time ...
A plasmid preparation is a method of DNA extraction and purification for plasmid DNA. It is an important step in many molecular biology experiments and is essential for the successful use of plasmids in research and biotechnology. [1] [2] Many methods have been developed to purify plasmid DNA from bacteria.
Plasmid vectors minimalistically consist of an origin of replication that allows for semi-independent replication of the plasmid in the host. Plasmids are found widely in many bacteria, for example in Escherichia coli, but may also be found in a few eukaryotes, for example in yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [8]
An example of a bacterial expression vector is the pGEX-3x plasmid. The expression host of choice for the expression of many proteins is Escherichia coli as the production of heterologous protein in E. coli is relatively simple and convenient, as well as being rapid and cheap.
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material (plasmid) between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. [1] Discovered in 1946 by Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum, [ 2 ] conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are transformation and transduction although ...
Natural plasmoid produced in the near-Earth magnetotail by magnetic reconnection. A plasmoid is a coherent structure of plasma and magnetic fields.Plasmoids have been proposed to explain natural phenomena such as ball lightning, [1] [2] magnetic bubbles in the magnetosphere, [3] and objects in cometary tails, [4] in the solar wind, [5] [6] solar atmosphere, [7] and in the heliospheric current ...
They can also be used for in vitro experiments and modifications (e.g. mutagenesis, PCR). One of the most common types of shuttle vectors is the yeast shuttle vector. [2] Almost all commonly used S. cerevisiae vectors are shuttle vectors. Yeast shuttle vectors have components that allow for replication and selection in both E. coli cells and ...
Other cloning vectors include the pUC series of plasmids, and a large number of different cloning plasmid vectors are available. Many plasmids have high copy numbers, for example, pUC19 has a copy number of 500-700 copies per cell, [6] and high copy number is useful as it produces greater yield of recombinant plasmid for subsequent manipulation ...