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The term plasmid was coined in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant." [14] [15] The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time ...
Several DNA vaccines have been tested for veterinary use. [3] In some cases, protection from disease in animals has been obtained, in others not. [3] Research is ongoing over the approach for viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases in humans, as well as for cancers. [4] In August 2021, Indian authorities gave emergency approval to ZyCoV-D.
The pBR322 plasmid is one of the first plasmids widely used as a cloning vector. Plasmids with specially-constructed features are commonly used in laboratory for cloning purposes . These plasmid are generally non-conjugative but may have many more features, notably a " multiple cloning site " where multiple restriction enzyme cleavage sites ...
Schematic representation of the pBR322 plasmid, one of the first plasmids widely used as a cloning vector. A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA that can be stably maintained in an organism, and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes. [1]
A plasmid is a double stranded circular DNA molecule commonly used for molecular cloning. Plasmids are generally 2 to 4 kilobase-pairs (kb) in length and are capable of carrying inserts up to 15kb. Plasmids contain an origin of replication allowing them to replicate inside a bacterium independently of the host chromosome.
The first human recombinant protein used for disease management, insulin, was introduced in 1982. [43] Biotechnology allows these peptide and protein pharmaceuticals, some of which were previously rare or difficult to obtain, to be produced in large quantity.
Cells harboring the plasmid will survive when exposed to the antibiotic, while those that have failed to take up plasmid sequences will die. When mammalian cells (e.g. human or mouse cells) are used, a similar strategy is used, except that the marker gene (in this case typically encoded as part of the kanMX cassette) confers resistance to the ...
Recombinant insulin is synthesized by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, or yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) [19] which then produces insulin for human use. [20] Insulin produced by E. coli requires further post translational modifications (e.g. glycosylation) whereas yeasts are able to perform these modifications themselves by ...