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A completely different approach to function generation is to use software instructions to generate a waveform, with provision for output. For example, a general-purpose digital computer can be used to generate the waveform; if frequency range and amplitude are acceptable, the sound card fitted to most computers can be used to output the generated wave.
A DDS function generator. Direct digital synthesis ( DDS ) is a method employed by frequency synthesizers used for creating arbitrary waveforms from a single, fixed-frequency reference clock. DDS is used in applications such as signal generation , local oscillators in communication systems, function generators , mixers, modulators , [ 1 ] sound ...
where Z dif is the op-amp's input impedance to differential signals, and A OL is the open-loop voltage gain of the op-amp (which varies with frequency), and B is the feedback factor (the fraction of the output signal that returns to the input). [3] [4] In the case of the ideal op-amp, with A OL infinite and Z dif infinite, the input impedance ...
An op amp without negative feedback (a comparator) The amplifier's differential inputs consist of a non-inverting input (+) with voltage V + and an inverting input (−) with voltage V −; ideally the op amp amplifies only the difference in voltage between the two, which is called the differential input voltage.
For low-frequency VCOs, other methods of varying the frequency (such as altering the charging rate of a capacitor by means of a voltage-controlled current source) are used (see function generator). The frequency of a ring oscillator is controlled by varying either the supply voltage, the current available to each inverter stage, or the ...
The Colpitts circuit, like other LC oscillators, consists of a gain device (such as a bipolar junction transistor, field-effect transistor, operational amplifier, or vacuum tube) with its output connected to its input in a feedback loop containing a parallel LC circuit (tuned circuit), which functions as a bandpass filter to set the frequency of oscillation.
The slew rate can be measured using a function generator (usually square wave) and an oscilloscope (CRO). The slew rate is the same, regardless of whether feedback is considered. Slew rate limiting in amplifiers
Analyzing the circuit using Kirchhoff's circuit laws, the dynamics of Chua's circuit can be accurately modeled by means of a system of three nonlinear ordinary differential equations in the variables x(t), y(t), and z(t), which represent the voltages across the capacitors C1 and C2 and the electric current in the inductor L1 respectively. [5]