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The Inland Freight Equalization Margin (IFEM) is a regulatory measure implemented in Pakistan to equalize the price of petroleum products across different regions of the country. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It includes the costs for refineries to transport crude oil from its source to their facilities, as well as the expenses for Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs ...
This includes the resources it takes for exploration, to remove it from the ground, and transport it. Between 2004 and 2008, there was an increase in fuel costs due in large part to a worldwide increase in demand for crude oil. Prices leapt from $35 to $140 per barrel ($220 to $880/m 3), causing a corresponding increase in gas prices. [15]
Following the international credit crisis and spikes in crude oil prices, Pakistan's economy could not withstand the pressure, and on 11 October 2008, the State Bank of Pakistan reported that the country's foreign exchange reserves had gone down by $571.9 million to $7,749.7 million. [64]
Pakistan State Oil Company Limited is a Pakistani petroleum public company involved in procurement, storage, marketing and distribution of petroleum and related products. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It has a network of 3,689 petroleum filling stations , out of which 3500 outlets serve the public retail sector and 189 outlets serve wholesale bulk customers.
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In 2004, Pakistan Petroleum was listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange, following an initial public offering at PKR 55 per share. [4] In 2012, Pakistan Petroleum acquired MND operations in Pakistan for $180 million. [5] Later, it was unearthened that Pakistan Petroleum paid twice the market value and this resulted in the loss of PKR 6.21 billion. [6]
It is 100% owned by the Government of Pakistan and operates under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources. The purpose of creating this company was to separate the regulatory and commercial functions to efficiently manage the Government's interest in petroleum exploration and production joint ventures which was previously managed by ...
Natural gas production is at a relatively high level and remaining reserves are estimated to be about 885.3 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.). Pakistan's gas fields are only expected to last for about another 20 years at the most due to heavy industrial usage. [10] [11] The Sui gas field is the biggest natural gas field in Pakistan.